| Philip Herbert Cowell (Birleşik Krallık, 1870 – 1949) |
| Arthur Edwin Covington (Kanada, 1914 – 2001) |
| Heather Couper (Birleşik Krallık) |
| E. J. Cooper (İrlanda, 1798 – 1863) |
| James Christy (ABD, 1938 – ) |
| Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh (Rusya?, Ukrayna) |
| Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Hindistan, ABD, 1910 – 1995) |
| Anders Celsius, (1701 – 1744) |
| Bonaventura Cavalieri (İtalya, 1598 – 1647) |
| Jacques Cassini (Fransa, 1677 – 1756) |
| Giovanni Domenico Cassini a.k.a. Jean-Dominique Cassini (Fransa, 1625 – 1712) |
| Annie Jump Cannon (ABD, 1863 – 1941) |
| Sherburne Wesley Burnham (1838 – 1921) |
| Michael (Mike) E. Brown (ABD) |
| Ernest William Brown (Birleşik Krallık, 1866 – 1938) |
| Tycho Brahe (Danimarka, 1546 – 1601) |
| Alexis Bouvard (Fransa, 1767 – 1843) |
| Bart Bok (Hollanda, 1906 – 1983) |
| Johann Elert Bode (Almanya, 1747 – 1826) |
| Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (Almanya, 1784 – 1846) |
| Johann Bayer (Almanya, 1572 – 1625) |
| Klaudyos Batlamyus İskenderiye'li (Roma Mısır, yaklaşık 85 – 165) |
| Edward Emerson Barnard (ABD, 1857 – 1923) |
| Benjamin Banneker (ABD, 1731 – 1806) |
| Sallie Baliunas (ABD, 1953 – ) |
| Benjamin Baillaud (Fransa, 1848 – 1934) |
| Horace W. Babcock (ABD, 1912 – 2003) |
| Walter Baade (Almanya, 1893 – 1960) |
| Svante Arrhenius (İsveç, 1859 – 1927) |
| Sisamlı Aristarkus, yaklaşık MÖ 310 – yaklaşık MÖ 230) |
| François Arago (Fransa, 1786 – 1853) |
| Anders Jonas Ångström (İsveç, 1814 – 1874) |
| Hannes Alfvén (İsveç, 1908 – 1995) |
| Harold Alden (ABD, 1890 – 1964) |
| George Biddell Airy, (İngiltere, 1801 – 1892) |
| Saul Adelman (ABD, (1944 -) |
| Walter Sydney Adams (ABD, 1876 – 1956) |
| John Couch Adams (Birleşik Krallık, 1819 – 1892) |
| Charles Hitchcock Adams (ABD, 1868 – 1951) |
| Charles Greeley Abbot (ABD, 1872 – 1973) |
| Giorgio Abetti (İtalya, 1882 – 1982) |
| Bilim Adamları |
| Marc Aaronson (ABD, 1950 – 1987) |
| George Ogden Abell (ABD, 1927 – 1983) |
| Antonio Abetti (İtalya, 1846 – 1928) |
| Abdus Salam |
| Mustafa Hayrullah Diker |
| Hüseyin Tevfik Paşa |
| Hekimbaşı Salih Efendi |
| Hekim İsmail Paşa |